Organs and functions

SKIN:

Skins function is the retention and liberation of heat. It also serves to feel sensations such as heat, cold i pain.

MOCOUS MEMBRANES IN NOSE AND THROAT:
 Is a membrane lining all body passages that communicate with the air, such as the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and having cells and associated glands that secrete mucus.

TONSILS:
The main function is to protect the body against harmful germs and pollutants .

LYMPH NODES:
Is a small oval or bean-shaped bodies, up to 2 cm in length.

THYMUS:
This small organ is where T-cells mature, can trigger or maintain the production of antibodies that can result in muscle weakness, the Mayo Clinic said.

SPLEEN:
 Is a ductless organ, situated in humans at the cardiac end of the stomach, serving chiefly in the formation of mature lymphocytes, in the destruction of worn-out red blood cells.

BOWEL:
 The bowel is the long tube in the body that helps digest food and carries solid waste out of the body.

BONE MARROW:

 The yellow tissue in the center of your bones that is responsible for making white blood cells that are destined to became lymphocytes.

Diseases in the inmune system

Diseases in the inmune system

Every disease can weaken the inmunologic system. But there are some of them that can override the system:

• Addisons disease

Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones.

• celiac sprue

It is a disease that causes inflammation of  the small intestine and damage to the lining. This prevents the absorption of important food components.

• dermatomyositis

It is a muscle disease that involves inflammation and skin rash. It is a type of inflammatory myopathy.

• Graves disease

It is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). An autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis

It is swelling (inflammation) of the thyroid gland that often results in reduced thyroid function (hypothyroidism).

• Multiple sclerosis

It is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).

• myasthenia gravis                                    

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disease that leads to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. In the most common cases, muscle weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction.

• Pernicious anemia

Pernicious anaemia, also known as vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anaemia, is a disease in which there are not enough red blood cells due to a lack of vitamin B₁₂.

• reactive arthritis                                       

Reactive arthritis can affect the heels, toes, fingers, low back, and joints, especially of the knees or ankles.

• Rheumatoid arthritis                             

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just your joints.

• Sjogren's syndrome

Sjogren's (SHOW-grins) syndrome is a disorder of your immune system identified by its two most common symptoms

• Systemic lupus erythematosus             

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.

• Type I diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes.

Parts of the System

PARTS OF THE SYSTEM

Process of system

Process of system

1.- Virus enters to body: 

Virus invades body's first line of defence, fastly multiplies in cells, and is spread through the blood and lymph vessels.

2.- Node B cells are activated to produce an antibody-mediated response:

When the lymph enters the lymph node, B cells are activated to produce an antibody-mediated response. Also macrophages  recognise the virus as a non-self antigen and begin to engulf and destroy the pathogen.

3.- The T-cells begin to divide fastly:

The T-Helper cells have a receptor in their membrane cleverly called the T-Cell receptor. This is a protein receptor with a specific shape.

4.-Antibody-mediated response:

Helper T cells sensitise B lymphocytes to divide and produce a clone of cells.

Cloned cells

5.- Antibodies combine with the specific antigen and inactivate or destroy it:

6.- Antibodies combine with the specific antigen and inactive or destroy it:

Neutralisation: Antibodies block active sites on viruses and bacterial toxins which means they can no longer bind to receptor sites on tissue cells and cause injury.

Agglutination: Particles such as bacteria, viruses or foreign blood cells clump together.

Precipitation: Soluble antigens are made insoluble and then settle out of the solution.

7.- Suppressor T cells halt the inmune response:

Once the active infection or tumor or transplant is destroyed many of the T cells
However, a number of them remain as Memory cells. These cells will respond to the same antigen if it is ever encountered again.